\[A = 4\pi^2 R r\]
Variables
Asurface area (m²)
Rmajor radius of the torus (m)
rminor radius of the torus (m)
Description
What is this formula?
This formula calculates the total surface area of a torus (doughnut-shaped object) using its major and minor radii.
When to use it
Use this formula when determining the external surface area of ring-shaped or toroidal structures.
Example
If a torus has:
R = 4 m
r = 1 m
A = 4π² × 4 × 1
A = 16π²
A ≈ 157.91 m²
Applications
- Geometry and mathematics
- Physics and electromagnetism
- Engineering design
- Toroidal coils and transformers
- 3D modeling